The Sawankhalok ceramic industry

A techno-historical study of a commercial initiative by 13th century Thai village potters to produce domestic stoneware ceramics. However their enterprise's success attracted the exploitative interest of regional trade entrepreneurs whose specialisation of the industry created a fatal lack of efficiency and flexibility.

Mineralogical characterization of clays used in the structural ceramic industry in west of S. Paulo State, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Interdisciplinary project applied to engineering education: construction of a miniature ceramic industry

The greatest challenge of undergraduate engineering courses is to encourage creativity, cooperation with other students, teamwork, and motivation in the first years of their courses. While students have little or no contact with advanced disciplines, it is very difficult to attract their interests and encourage them to develop the skills in their undergraduate courses. This work aims to achieve these objectives through a mini-factory project involving the construction of a production line of ceramic tiles on a laboratory scale, from the ceramic processing using raw materials to the shipping of the final product. Having been given an established monthly demand for ceramic tiles, the students determined the construction requirements of the mini-factory, as they have created the layout, including the processing equipment, the dimensioning of equipment, and its operational structure. This article intends to describe the successful creation of the ceramic tile mini-factory, including the objectives, benefits, and inherent difficulties of the process and the receptivity of the exercise by the students involved.

Use of Sludge as Ceramic Materials

Nowadays, with increase amounts of sludge derived from the treatment of domestic sewage put pressure into research on systems for the adequate use of these materials. The aim of the present work is to study the use of sludge ash, from sintering and calcinated process, as a raw material for the ceramic industry. Using the sewage sludge ashes as ceramic raw material there will be no contamination of soil and underground water. Metals and toxic compounds like Al, Fe, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn oxides were analyzed and characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The leached material was chemically analyzed where the integration of oxides into the ceramic matrix of sludge ash was observed. Residual decomposition was analyzed by TG, DTG and DTA curves.

The effect of incorporation of a Brazilian water treatment plant sludge on the properties of ceramic materials

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Reuse of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) to produce ceramic materials

Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is a residue resulting from the burning of bagasse in boilers in the sugarcane/alcohol industry. SCBA has a very high silica concentration and contains aluminum, iron, alkalis and alkaline earth oxides in smaller amounts. In this work, the properties of sintered ceramic bodies were evaluated based on the concentration of SCBA, which replaced non-plastic material. The ash was mixed (up to 60 wt%) with a clayed raw material that is used to produce roof tiles. Prismatic probes were pressed and sintered at different temperatures (up to 1200 degrees C). Technological tests of ceramic probes showed that the addition of ash has little influence on the ceramic properties up to 1000 C. X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis data showed that, above this temperature the ash participates in the sintering process and in the formation of new important phases. The results reported show that the reuse of SCBA in the ceramic industry is feasible. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Carboxymethyl lignin as stabilizing agent in aqueous ceramic suspensions

Identifying new uses for residues of industries that process large quantities of biomass, as in bioethanol production, is essential for a sustainable development with reduced impact on the environment, which is the reason why many efforts have been devoted to find noble uses for lignins. in this study, a lignin obtained from sugarcane bagasse in a bioethanol producing plant was carboxymethylated to yield the water-soluble carboxymethyl lignin (CML), which was then used as stabilizing agent in aqueous alumina (Al2O3) suspensions. CML had a degree of substitution 0.46 +/- 0.01, in relation to the C9 unit of lignin, and behaved as a polyelectrolyte in a large pH range owing to the dissociation of carboxylic groups. The action of CML as stabilizing agent of alumina aqueous suspensions was investigated using viscometry, zeta potential, and photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) measurements, mainly as a function of pH and time. Overall, the results showed that CML had a good performance as a deflocculating agent, because it led to dispersions with low viscosity and small change in particle size as a function of time. The positive effect from the addition of CML was confirmed in the morphological features of the material obtained from the alumina suspensions after elimination of water, as indicated by scanning electron microscopy. The stabilization of alumina suspensions afforded by CML opens the way for similar applications of modified lignins, whose electrical and structural properties may be tuned for specific uses in various industries, including the ceramic industry. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Use of Sludge as Ceramic Materials

Nowadays, with increase amounts of sludge derived from the treatment of domestic sewage put pressure into research on systems for the adequate use of these materials. The aim of the present work is to study the use of sludge ash, from sintering and calcinated process, as a raw material for the ceramic industry. Using the sewage sludge ashes as ceramic raw material there will be no contamination of soil and underground water. Metals and toxic compounds like Al, Fe, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn oxides were analyzed and characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The leached material was chemically analyzed where the integration of oxides into the ceramic matrix of sludge ash was observed. Residual decomposition was analyzed by TG, DTG and DTA curves.

Estudo dos depósitos lutíticos da orla ocidental: matérias-primas minerais

Neste trabalho foram efectuados estudos de natureza químico – mineralógica e tecnológica em quatro depósitos sedimentares: Vale Grande, Aguada de Cima, Anadia e Monsarros. Estes estudo permitiram o estabelecimento da coluna tipológica em cada um dos depósitos. No jazigo de Aguada evidencia-se a existência de dois níveis argilosos: a unidade “Barro Negro” de natureza ilito-quartzo-caulinítica (argilas especiais) e a unidade “Argilas de Boialvo” com composição quartzo – ilite – caulinite (argilas comuns). Nos jazigos de Anadia e Monsarros o enchimento argiloso é constituído por argilas compatíveis com as da unidade “Argilas de Boialvo” do jazigo de Aguada, não existindo evidências de deposição de argilas de natureza da unidade “Barro Negro”. Em complemento, foram realizados estudos químicos (elementos menores e Terras Raras) nos diferentes depósitos lutíticos para inferir a importância dos minerais acessórios e argilosos na sua distribuição, de modo a poder determinar-se a sua proveniência. Neste trabalho foi também realizado um estudo de pormenor, de natureza mineralógica (DRX) e química (maiores, menores e Terras Raras), das possíveis rochas-fonte. Perante os resultados obtidos através do estudo mineralógico, químico (elementos maiores, menores e Terras Raras) e, ainda, dos estudos isotópicos Rb-Sr e Sm-Nd, pode inferir-se que o Complexo Xisto-Grauváquico foi a formação geológica que mais material forneceu para a formação dos sedimentos argilosos que ocorrem nas áreas de Vale Grande, Aguada, Anadia e Monsarros. Por último, apresenta-se uma definição para o conceito de argila especial cerâmica, utilizado na gama alta da indústria cerâmica, tendo em consideração o padrão químico, mineralógico e tecnológico.

Assessment of the environmental radiation by in situ gamma ray spectrometry

Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) under certain conditions can reach hazardous radiological levels contributing to an additional exposure dose to ionizing radiation. Most environmental concerns are associated with uranium mining and milling sites, but the same concerns should be addressed to natural near surface occurrences of uranium as well as man-made sources such as technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) resulting from phosphates industry, ceramic industry and energy production activities, in particular from coal-fired power plants which is one of the major sources of increased exposure to man from enhanced naturally occurring materials. This work describes the methodology developed to assess the environmental radiation by in situ gamma spectrometry in the vicinity of a Portuguese coal fired power plant. The current investigation is part of a research project that is undergoing in the vicinity of Sines Coal-Fired Power Plant (south of Portugal) until the end of 2013.

Prevalencia de dolor lumbar en los trabajadores de una planta de fabricación de productos de cerámica de Madrid, Cundinamarca, en el turno de 6 am a 2pm, año 2014.

Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia, incapacidad y discapacidad de dolor lumbar en los trabajadores de la planta de fabricación de productos de cerámica, de Madrid Cundinamarca, del turno de 6 am a 2 pm año 2014. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal para determinar la prevalencia, incapacidad y discapacidad de dolor lumbar en un grupo de trabajadores que asisten en el turno de 6 am a 2 pm, en una empresa fabricante de productos de cerámica en el municipio de Madrid, departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia. Se tuvieron en cuenta variables como edad, puesto de trabajo, antigüedad en cargo actual, consumo de cigarrillo, actividad física, presencia o ausencia de dolor lumbar e intensidad del dolor lumbar. Se aplicaron dos escalas para determinar el nivel de incapacidad y discapacidad para el dolor lumbar. Se empleó la escala de Owestry (ODI, OswestryDisabilityIndex) para evaluar la incapacidad de dolor lumbar y la escala de Roland-Morris para discapacidad física. Para le análisis de las variables continuas se determinó el supuesto de normalidad utilizando la prueba de ShapiroWilks.Para determinar la presencia de asociaciones se utilizó la prueba de Ji cuadrado de Pearson o el test exacto de Fischer si el valor esperado es menor a cinco. Para el análisis de la información se utilizó el software EpiInfo versión 7.1.3 (CDC, Atlanta, EE.UU.) Resultados: Se incluyeron 99 trabajadores, rango de edad entre 32 y 46 años y una mediana de 37 años. Más de la mitad de los trabajadores evaluados reportaron un dolor moderado (n=57), tan solo un 10% reportó máximo dolor, la escala de incapacidad de Oswestry78 trabajadores se ubicaron entre 0 y 40% reflejando esto ausencia de incapacidad, y solo 4 pacientes presentaron valores entre 40 y 60% incapacidad moderada. La escala de discapacidad de Roland-Morris mostró que la mayoría de los trabajadores presentan una discapacidad leve (n=97) y tan solo 2 trabajadores presentaron discapacidad moderada.La única asociación positiva encontrada se dio entre la presencia de dolor lumbar y la ejecución de actividad física una vez a la semana (p 0,005). Conclusiones: el dolor lumbar está presente en más del 50% de los trabajadores encuestados; sin embargo solo 4 de los trabajadores encuestados, presenta incapacidad por este dolor. En cuanto a la discapacidad pudimos determinar que solo 2 de los trabajadores la manifiesta.

Derivatives of Biomacromolecules as Stabilizers of Aqueous Alumina Suspensions

The stabilization of alumina suspensions is key to the development of high-performance materials for the ceramic industry, which has motivated extensive research into synthetic polymers used as stabilizers. In this study, mimosa tannin extract and a chitosan derivative, that is, macromolecules obtained from renewable resources, are shown to be promising to replace synthetic polymers, yielding less viscous suspensions with smaller particles and greater fluidity, that is, more homogeneous suspensions that may lead to better-quality products. The functional groups of tannin present in mimosa extract and N,N,N-trimethylchitosan (TMC) are capable of establishing interactions with the alumina surface, thus leading to repulsion between the particles mainly due to steric and electrosteric mechanisms, respectively. The stabilization of the suspension induced by either TMC or mimosa tannin was confirmed by a considerable decrease in viscosity and average particle size, in comparison with alumina suspensions without stabilizing agents. The viscosity/average particle size decreased by 49/84% and 52/87% for suspensions with TMC and mimosa tannin, respectively. In addition, the increase in the absolute zeta potential upon addition of either TMC or mimosa tannin extract, especially at high pHs, points to an increased stability of the suspension. The feasibility of using derivatives of macromolecules from renewable sources to stabilize aqueous alumina suspensions was therefore demonstrated. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 117: 58-66, 2010

Desenvolvimento de um modelo de intervenção baseado no sistema toyota de produção e na teoria das restrições : autilização da pesquisa-ação em uma indústria de cerâmica vermelha de pequeno porte da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre

As teorias de gestão da produção, como o Sistema Toyota de Produção e a Teoria das Restrições, têm apresentado resultados positivos, em realidades organizacionais muito diferenciadas. Contudo, é preciso garantir a efetividade das ações em provocar as mudanças desejadas. Neste sentido, métodos de pesquisa participativa, como a pesquisaação, promovem a participação e o comprometimento das pessoas implicadas no processo de mudança. Esta dissertação propõe a construção de um modelo de intervenção visando aumentar a competitividade de uma realidade organizacional específica. Foram utilizados a pesquisa-ação, como método de trabalho e a Teoria das Restrições (TOC) e o Sistema Toyota de Produção (STP), como embasamento teórico. Cabe ressaltar que este modelo foi construído a partir de uma intervenção realizada em uma indústria de cerâmica vermelha da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Assim, a presente dissertação foi organizada da seguinte maneira: revisão bibliográfica do método de condução da pesquisa e adaptação do mesmo para o presente trabalho, fundamentação teórica, composta pelos princípios básicos de sustentação do STP e da TOC, análise do contexto do segmento industrial em questão, descrição da intervenção realizada e apresentação do modelo construído, análise dos resultados finais, conclusões e recomendações para futuras pesquisas. A análise dos resultados obtidos e as conclusões do estudo revelam a possibilidade de generalização parcial do modelo proposto, desde que observadas as características específicas da realidade industrial em questão.

Estudo comparativo da queima rápida com a queima tradicional nas propriedades de materiais cerâmicos de base argilos

Dutra, R. P. S.; Varela,M. L.; Nascimento, R. M. ; Gomes, U. U. ; Martinelli1, A. E. ; Paskocimas, C. A. Estudo comparativo da queima rápida com a queima tradicional nas propriedades de materiais cerâmicos de base argilosa. Cerâmica [online]. 2009, vol.55, n.333, pp. 100-105. ISSN 0366-6913. doi:Disponivem em: . Acesso em: 04 out. 2010.